UNDER THE HOOD
The logic behind your timeline
This prototype follows the annual ledger of the “Investment roadmap - Updated” model. The sample assumptions are illustrative, and changing the inputs recalculates the full projection.
01Build while you work
Income grows with annual raises and periodic promotions, up to your income cap. Each person earns income and contributes until their own stop-work age. Pre-tax contributions reduce that person’s modeled taxable pay. Roth workplace and Roth IRA contributions come from after-tax pay. Income left after contributions and expenses goes to brokerage savings.
02Fund the bridge years
When one person stops working, the other person’s income and contributions continue. Social Security and pensions start independently. Shared brokerage funds the remaining spending; each account follows its own access age, independent of employment. Entered regular Roth IRA contribution basis can be used earlier.
03Draw on retirement savings
Remaining brokerage assets are spent first. Accessible pre-tax retirement savings come next, with withdrawals grossed up for taxes. Accessible Roth workplace savings, then Roth IRA savings, cover remaining spending. Income above spending and contributions goes to shared brokerage.
Details that affect the result
- Timing: “Stop working at” is the first non-working age. Each row represents one full calendar year. Your ages anchor the chart and life events; your partner’s ages advance in the same years. If already retired, enter the current age as the stop-work age. Fractional access ages first apply in the next whole-age annual row. Contributions happen monthly; withdrawals during the bridge and retirement years use beginning-of-month timing.
- Household inputs: You and an optional partner have separate starting retirement balances, employment income, raises, taxes, contributions, employer matches, and stop-work/access ages. Brokerage, spending, life events, returns, inflation, and withdrawal-tax assumptions are shared. Existing saved amounts remain under You until you split any household totals.
- Retirement income: Optional Social Security and pensions have separate start ages, amounts, annual increases, for each person. Enter the expected benefit in today’s purchasing power for the selected claiming age. It is inflated to its start year, then grows at its own annual increase. If already receiving benefits, enter the current monthly amount. Income continues through plan end; deaths and survivor benefits are not modeled. Changing a claiming age changes timing only; update or explicitly confirm the monthly estimate for the new claiming age using your expected work history. Spousal eligibility, earnings-test reductions, are not calculated. See SSA estimates and IRS pension guidance.
- Shared spending: Bridge extra spending starts once both people have stopped work (or you have in a solo plan), until all retirement accounts are accessible. Retirement extra spending then replaces it. The plan ends at your chosen end age; it does not assume either person dies then.
- Automatic taxes (default): Federal ordinary-income brackets and the standard deduction (including the age-65 addition) use 2026 IRS parameters. Pre-tax contributions reduce income tax, but not employee payroll tax. Wages, taxable pensions and pre-tax withdrawals are combined each year. Social Security’s taxable portion is calculated from other income. Realized long-term brokerage gains use the 0%, 15% and 20% brackets, with the investment-income surtax when applicable. Qualified Roth withdrawals are tax-free. Withdrawals increase to cover the tax they create. Federal, employee payroll and estimated state/local taxes appear separately in the annual table.
- Simple tax inputs: Choose married filing jointly or single. With two unmarried partners, each has a separate single return and half the shared realized gains. State/local tax uses your effective rate on wages after pre-tax contributions, taxable pensions, pre-tax withdrawals and gains; it excludes Social Security. A 0% default excludes state/local tax until you enter a rate. This is not a state-specific tax calculation. “Use my own flat rates” restores manual employment, benefit and withdrawal rates, with no additional automatic payroll tax.
- Tax projection limits: After 2026, indexed brackets, deductions and the Social Security wage cap grow with your inflation assumption. Social Security taxation, Additional Medicare and investment surtax thresholds stay fixed. This is a planning approximation, not a prediction of future tax law. It excludes credits (including child credits), itemized deductions, temporary special deductions, AMT, self-employment tax, early-withdrawal penalties and Roth conversions. Brokerage returns do not separately model dividends, interest, short-term gains or loss carryforwards. Use manual rates if these exclusions materially affect your plan. Benefit amounts in automatic mode are displayed before tax; net household income deducts tax before portfolio withdrawals, and the annual tax columns include taxes caused by withdrawals.
- Employer match: For each working person, choose a configurable match on combined pre-tax and Roth workplace contributions, capped at a percentage of salary, or a fixed annual employer amount. Employer money is deposited pre-tax. Older plans keep their 50% matching formula. Roth IRA contributions do not earn a match.
- Roth accounts: Starting balances and annual contributions are tracked separately for Roth workplace accounts and Roth IRAs. Contributions stop when work ends. Account access is independent of employment, with separate ages for pre-tax, Roth workplace and Roth IRA funds. Zero for a Roth access age uses the pre-tax age. Remaining regular Roth IRA contribution basis can be withdrawn before qualified access, and new regular contributions add basis. Starting basis is part of the entered IRA balance, not additional assets. Conversion ordering and conversion five-year penalties are not modeled. Custom access ages assume applicable eligibility and penalty exceptions; workplace plan-specific in-service restrictions are not checked. Roth withdrawals assume qualified tax-free treatment; five-year rules, contribution limits and income eligibility are not checked. See the IRS Roth comparison and Roth IRA guidance.
- Expenses: Inflation and lifestyle growth combine until the expense cap is reached. After that, only inflation applies. The dollar basis sets the starting life-event amount: today’s dollars inflate to its start age, while event-year dollars are used directly. Subsequent years follow inflation, remain fixed, or use a custom total increase. Existing events keep fixed growth unless changed; newly added recurring events follow inflation. Recurring income can be entered as after-tax cash or ordinary taxable income. Automatic mode taxes the latter as federal/state ordinary income, without payroll, self-employment or investment surtax; enter after-tax cash for employment or consulting income. Manual mode uses the event’s effective rate. Linked groups are compared together but do not automatically replace existing costs—end rent or other replaced expenses explicitly.
- Returns: Steady mode uses the default rate plus annual overrides. Sample mode generates bounded annual returns for each age range, holds the arithmetic mean to its target and rounds down years to a whole count. Manual sample overrides replace individual generated years and remain fixed when you re-forecast; they can change the target average, limits and down-year count. Steady and sample modes retain separate overrides. The same annual rate applies to all investments, including HSA; cash stays at 0%.
- Brokerage basis: In either tax mode, enter the percentage of your starting brokerage balance that is unrealized profit; 0% treats it all as cost basis. Sales use a proportional estimate of gains from the prior year’s balance and basis; tax-loss harvesting is not modeled. Both tax modes honor this starting gains percentage. Sale taxes reduce spendable withdrawals.
- Today's dollars: Results are divided by inflation accumulated since the current age. All balances remain end-of-year values.
- Funding gaps: Both tax modes first calculate withdrawals using available assets and each person’s account-access rules. The display then subtracts accumulated unmet spending from brokerage before any retirement account is accessible, or from the all-retirement total afterward. Those deficits carry forward in the bucket where they arose, without interest or investment growth. They are not borrowed cash and do not change tax calculations. Portfolio totals and the financial-position estimate include these deficits; individual retirement account columns remain actual modeled assets. Later assets can offset a displayed deficit, but do not erase the earlier failure or repay a modeled loan. Use the first shortfall year to assess whether the plan works. This is a deterministic projection, not a probability of success.
Required minimum distributions
RMDs are on by default, separately for each person's pre-tax balance. The inferred birth year is plan year minus current age; use year-end ages or override the RMD start age. The standard start is 73 for 1951–1959 births and 75 for 1960 onward. We divide the prior year-end balance by the IRS Uniform Lifetime divisor, transfer the distribution to brokerage at year start and tax it as ordinary income. The same money can pay spending; unused proceeds remain invested. Starting pre-tax balances stand in for last December 31 in the first plan year. Lifetime Roth RMDs, inherited-account rules, still-working delays, first-year deferral, and the more-than-10-years-younger sole-beneficiary spouse table are excluded. See IRS distribution tables and RMD regulations.
Healthcare, HSA and health FSA
Healthcare is optional and added to other spending. Per-person budgets change at retirement and Medicare enrollment; healthcare growth already includes inflation. Enter premiums after employer support and subsidies; no ACA subsidy, IRMAA or pre-tax premium calculation is included. Remove duplicate amounts from base spending. HSA and health FSA reimbursements reduce the healthcare bill once, while contributions separately reduce cash available. Health contributions and reimbursements use the model’s monthly cash-flow approximation; the yearly limit assumes eligibility for the entire year. HSAs grow with the portfolio and remain available for eligible healthcare after contributions end. FSA spending is limited to the modeled out-of-pocket budget; unused elections are forfeited without carryover. Limited-purpose FSA uses only the dental/vision share. Active general-purpose FSA coverage is assumed to cover the household and blocks new HSA contributions. HSA eligibility is assumed for full years until the selected stop or Medicare age, without mid-year proration or retroactive Medicare adjustments. HSA contributions can continue after retirement as direct contributions if eligibility remains. Payroll contributions reduce income and employee payroll tax; direct contributions reduce income tax only. Manual mode estimates contribution tax savings against employment income only. Future contribution caps use inflation-indexed 2026 limits, with fixed $1,000 age-55 HSA catch-ups. Family HSA limits are shared, allocated to You first, and include employer money. The annual table shows actual capped contributions. Only the chosen share of Medicare premiums can be reimbursed from HSA; exclude Medigap. No dependent-care FSA, nonmedical HSA withdrawals, old-receipt reimbursement, or state-specific HSA tax exceptions are modeled. See IRS health account guidance and 2026 FSA limits.
Sample market paths
These are illustrations of return sequence risk, not historically calibrated simulations or success probabilities. Each range includes both endpoint ages and must join the next without gaps. Down years are strictly negative (at most −0.01%); other years may be flat. Random bounded values are adjusted to match each range's arithmetic target, then shuffled. Tight targets can push many years toward a limit. Sample returns use the saved seed and rules; older imported plans retain their saved ordering. The compound annual growth figure uses the same returns with no cash flows; it is not your portfolio's personal rate of return. Re-forecast changes the saved seed; changing ordinary spending or income does not reshuffle the path. Real investment returns have no guaranteed upper or lower bound. The plan file saves the settings and seed, and CSV exports the actual yearly path.
Historical S&P 500 replay
Historical mode replays the most recent full window of annual S&P 500 returns including dividends from the NYU Stern / Aswath Damodaran dataset, in chronological order through 2025. A plan with 60 annual rows uses 1966–2025. Pin a historical start year to keep the sequence stable when changing the plan length. The full pinned window must fit 1928–2025. With a start of 0, the latest available window shifts and can change every mapped year. The table shows each source year. This is a US-stock historical scenario, not a prediction or a stock/bond allocation; your inflation, taxes and cash-flow assumptions still apply. Individual return overrides are separate from the other modes. The downloaded Excel plan preserves the mode and overrides and includes a historical replay sheet. The bundled 1928–2025 dataset was updated January 5, 2026; early years use a predecessor stock series. View the historical data source.
Cash reserves and loans
Cash is entered separately from brokerage and earns 0% here. Keep it aside as a reserve, or allow spending shortfalls to draw on it before investments. It is not automatically replenished from surplus income. The three portfolio tiles show investments, including HSA when enabled; cash and debt are separate in the year-by-year table and chart inspector. Loans are Life Events with an outstanding balance, fixed annual interest rate and monthly principal-plus-interest payment. For an existing loan, enter the balance at your current age. Future loans start at their selected age; borrowing does not create modeled cash or an asset. Interest accrues monthly, and payments stop after the final partial payment. Taxes, insurance and HOA must be separate recurring expenses. Existing recurring events are retained; convert one to Loan / debt and enter its current balance to track payoff. Mortgage interest deductions, refinancing, variable rates, fees, loan forgiveness and missed-payment penalties are not calculated. See CFPB guidance on mortgage payment components.
One-time life events
Money received is entered after taxes, debt payoff and selling costs. The selected investment percentage enters brokerage at the beginning of the event year and increases cost basis; remaining proceeds are excluded from portfolio and spending coverage. One-time expenses are paid at the beginning of the year from available cash (if enabled), brokerage, then each accessible retirement account in the usual order. Taxes on funding withdrawals are included. Same-year invested receipts are added before expenses regardless of their display order. Assets sold are not otherwise tracked; do not record transfers from existing portfolio accounts as new money. Toggle Include to compare uncertain events. Events outside the plan’s age range have no effect.
Interpreting the insights
Actual invested assets and cumulative unmet spending are shown separately below the chart. Bridge coverage uses the same cash-flow model and is not a guarantee. Event impacts remove or add one event/group at a time with identical annual returns; the changes cannot be added together. Sensitivities illustrate one change at a time rather than recommend a financial decision. Saved scenario comparisons use each saved plan’s returns; keep the same return path for controlled comparisons. Cash-flow charts exclude one-time inflows and withdrawals from income and show taxes from withdrawals separately in the annual table. Spending charts exclude taxes and investment contributions.
Your data
The calculator runs locally in your browser. This tab keeps the working draft and current view through refresh. “Remember on this device” also restores them on later visits. Named scenarios remember their editing view. Clearing browser data removes these local copies. “Save scenario” stores a named snapshot in this browser, even with Remember off. “Download Excel” downloads an Excel file containing the working plan and named scenarios. Incomplete or invalid plans save as drafts; their Draft state sheet is authoritative and should be resumed in the website. Complete plans retain editable input sheets. Named scenarios are available on this browser and device only; clearing browser data removes them. Download Excel for a portable backup. Save updates the selected scenario. Use the scenario menu to rename it or save a new version. Undo restores the last ten supported actions during this visit, including re-forecasting, event deletion and starting a new scenario. Undo after Re-forecast restores the exact previous market path, manual overrides and plan values. No login, ads or analytics are included in this prototype.